A nova versão 13: Dez/2014 do software de Interpretação Brasileira de Genotipagem apresenta importantes atualizações nas regras para a interpretação das mutações associadas à resistência aos antirretrovirais. Para a definição do subtipo, é necessário, além do arquivo .csv, adicionar o arquivo .fasta ao programa, conforme instruções da página. O subtipo sairá impresso no laudo da Renageno. Observações importantes: As regras para interpretação das mutações mudam na medida que novos conhecimentos são incorporados. Não existe um consenso internacional de como interpretar as mutações. Algoritmos diferentes podem gerar resultados conflitantes. O teste de genotipagem deve ser interpretado em conjunto com os dados clínicos e historia prévia do uso de antirretrovirais. As mutações podem desaparecer rapidamente quando os antirretrovirais são suspensos. A amostra de sangue deve ser coletada na vigência do esquema terapêutico que está sendo avaliado. Caso você queira fazer sugestão ou não concorde com a interpretação de algum caso clinico, favor enviar mensagem para clab@aids.gov.br, ou pelo telefone (61) 3315-7643. Sua contribuição será extremamente útil para a melhoria do nosso algoritmo.
Para acessar a página do Algoritmo Brasileiro: Clique aqui
A última atualização das regras do Algoritmo Brasileiro, aconteceu dezembro de 2014. Para ter acesso as regras do Algoritmo Brasileiro.
Para ter acesso as regras do Algoritmo Brasileiro: Clique aqui
* Accetturi CA, Pardini R, Pinto GHN, Turcato G, Lewi DS, Diaz RS (2000). Effects of CCR5 genetic polymorphism and HIV-1 subtype in antiretroviral response in Brazilian HIV-1 infected patients. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes and Human Retrovirology, 24, 04: 399-400.
* Alexander CS, Dong W, Schechter MT, O'Shaughnessy MV, Strathdee SA, Mo T, Montaner JS, Harrigan PR (1999). Prevalence of primary HIV drug resistance among seroconverters during an explosive outbreak of HIV infection among injecting drug users. AIDS, May 28;13(8):981-5.
* Alexander CS, Dong W, Schechter MT, O'Shaughnessy MV, Strathdee SA, Mo T, Montaner JS, Harrigan PR. (1999). Prevalence of primary HIV drug resistance among seroconverters during an explosive outbreak of HIV infection among injecting drug users. AIDS, May 28;13(8):981-5.
* Altfeld M, Allen TM, Yu XG, Johnston MN, Agrawal D, Korber BT, Montefiori DC, O'Connor DH, Davis BT, Lee PK, Maier EL, Harlow J, Goulder PJ, Brander C, Rosenberg ES, Walker BD (2002). HIV-1 superinfection despite broad CD8+ T-cell responses containing replication of the primary virus. Nature, Nov 28;420(6914):434-9.
* Arribas JR, Pulido F, Delgado R, Paño JR, Lorenzo A, Miralles P, Arranz A, González-García J, Cepeda C, Hervás R, Montes ML, Costa JR, Peña JM (2005). Lopinavir/ritonavir as single-drug therapy for maintenance of HIV-1 viral suppression. A randomized, controlled, open label, pilot, clinical trial (OK Study): 48 weeks analysis. In 3rd IAS Conference on HIV Pathogenesis and Treatment, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Abstract n.º WePe12.3C05.
* Badri SM, Adeyemi OM, Max BE, Zagorski BM, Barker DE (2003). How does expert advice impact genotypic resistance testing in clinical practice? Clin Infect Dis, Sep 1;37(5):708-13.
* Bangsberg DR, Charlebois ED, Grant RM, Holodniy M, Deeks SG, Perry S, Conroy KN, Clark R, Guzman D, Zolopa A, Moss A (2003). High levels of adherence do not prevent accumulation of HIV drug resistance mutations. AIDS, Sep 5;17(13):1925-32.
* Barbour JD, Hecht FM, Wrin T, Liegler TJ, Ramstead CA, Busch MP, Segal MR, Petropoulos CJ, Grant RM (2004). Persistence of primary drug resistance among recently HIV-1 infected adults. AIDS, Aug 20;18(12):1683-9.
* Barreiro P, de Mendoza C, Dona C, Gonzalez-Lahoz J (2001). Monthly cyclic therapy in heavily pretreated HIV-infected patients. Soriano V (2001). AIDS Patient Care STDS, Apr;15(4):177-9.
* Bartlett JA, DeMasi R, Quinn J, Moxham C, Rousseau F (2001). Overview of the effectiveness of triple combination therapy in antiretroviral-naive HIV-1 infected adults. AIDS, Jul 27;15(11):1369-77.
* Baxter JD, Mayers DL, Wentworth DN, Neaton JD, Hoover ML, Winters MA, Mannheimer SB, Thompson MA, Abrams DI, Brizz BJ, Ioannidis JP, Merigan TC (2000). A randomized study of antiretroviral management based on plasma genotypic antiretroviral resistance testing in patients failing therapy. CPCRA 046 Study Team for the Terry Beirn Community Programs for Clinical Research on AIDS. AIDS, Jun 16;14(9):F83-93.
* Bazmi HZ, Hammond JL, Cavalcanti SC, Chu CK, Schinazi RF, Mellors JW (2000). In vitro selection of mutations in the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase that decrease susceptibility to (-)-beta-D-dioxolane-guanosine and suppress resistance to 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, Jul;44(7):1783-8.
* Bertz R, Chiu YL, Foit C, Horn P, Selness, Bernstein B, Fath M, and Kempf D (2004). Estimation of Selective Pressure by Lopinavir/favirenz (LPV/r) vs. Nelfinavir (NFV) by Examination of Terminal-Phase Pharmacokinetics (PK) at Steady-State. In 5th International Workshop on Clinical Pharmacology of HIV Therapy, Rome, Italy, Abstract nº 1.
* Boden D, Hurley A, Zhang L, Cao Y, Guo Y, Jones E, Tsay J, Ip J, Farthing C, Limoli K, Parkin N, Markowitz M (1999). HIV-1 drug resistance in newly infected individuals. JAMA, Sep 22-29;282(12):1135-41.
* Boffito M, Moyle GJ (2004). Pharmacokinetic considerations for combining 2 protease inhibitors. AIDS Read, Mar;14(3):110-2, 115-6.
* Borroto-Esoda K, Harris J, Waters J, Hinkle J, Shaw A, Quinn J, and Rousseau F (2004). Baseline Genotype as a Predictor of Virological Failure in Patients Receiving Emtricitabine Once Daily or Stavudine Twice Daily in Combination with Didanosine and Efavirenz. The 11th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, San Fracisco, CA, USA. Abstracts, nº 672.
* Brenner B, Turner D, Oliveira M, Moisi D, Detorio M, Carobene M, Marlink RG, Schapiro J, Roger M, Wainberg MA (2003). A V106M mutation in HIV-1 clade C viruses exposed to efavirenz confers cross-resistance to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. AIDS, Jan 3;17(1):F1-5.
* Brenner B, Routy JP, Quan Y, Moisi D, Oliveira M, Turner D, Wainberg MA, Co-Investigators of the Quebec Primary Infection Study (2004). Persistence of multidrug-resistant HIV-1 in primary infection leading to superinfection. AIDS, Aug 20;18(12):1653-60.
* Brindeiro RM, Diaz RS, Sabino EC, Morgado MG, Pires IL, Brigido L, Soares MA, Cavalieri E, Fernandez J, Rodrigues R, Lauria C, Dantas MC, Barreira D, Teixeira PR, Tanuri A, and the Brazilian Network for Drug Resistance Surveillance (2003). Brazilian Network for HIV Drug Resistance Surveillance (HIV-BResNet): results from the first national survey, AIDS, May 2;17(7):1063-1069.
* Briones C, Perez-Olmeda M, Rodriguez C, del Romero J, Hertogs K, Soriano V (2001). Primary genotypic and phenotypic HIV-1 drug resistance in recent seroconverters in Madrid. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr, Feb 1;26(2):145-50.
* Briones C, Soriano V, Dona C, Barreiro P, Gonzalez-Lahoz J (2000). Can early failure with nevirapine be rescued with efavirenz? J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr, May 1;24(1):76-8.
* Brodine SK, Shaffer RA, Starkey MJ, Tasker SA, Gilcrest JL, Louder MK, Barile A, VanCott TC, Vahey MT, McCutchan FE, Birx DL, Richman DD, Mascola JR (1999). Drug resistance patterns, genetic subtypes, clinical features, and risk factors in military personnel with HIV-1 seroconversion. Ann Intern Med, Oct 5;131(7):502-6.
* Calazans A, Brindeiro R, Brindeiro P, Verli H, Arruda MB, Gonzalez LM, Guimaraes JA, Diaz RS, Antunes OA, Tanuri A (2005). Low Accumulation of L90M in Protease from Subtype F HIV-1 with Resistance to Protease Inhibitors Is Caused by the L89M Polymorphism. J Infect Dis, Jun 1;191(11):1961-70.
* Castagna A, Danise A, Carini E, Boeri E, Galli L, Gianotti N, De Bona A, Hasson H, Guffanti M, Seminari E, Clementi M, Lazzarin A (2004). E-184V. Pilot study to evaluate immunological response to lamivudine monotherapy vs treatment interruption in failing HIV-1 infected subjects, harbouring the M184V mutation. In XV International AIDS Conference, Bangkok, Thailand, Abstract nº. WeOrB1286.
* Chaix C, Grenier-Sennelier C, Clevenbergh P, Durant J, Schapiro JM, Dellamonica P, Durand-Zaleski I (2000). Economic evaluation of drug resistance genotyping for the adaptation of treatment in HIV-infected patients in the VIRADAPT study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr, Jul 1;24(3):227-31.
* Cingolani A, Antinori A, Rizzo MG, Murri R, Ammassari A, Baldini F, di Giambenedetto S, Cauda R, de Luca A (2002). Usefulness of monitoring HIV drug resistance and adherence in individuals failing highly active antiretroviral therapy: a randomized study (ARGENTA). AIDS, Feb 15;16(3):369-79.
* Clotet B, Ruiz L, Martinez-Picado J, Negredo E, Hill A, Popescu M (2002). Prevalence of HIV protease mutations on failure of nelfinavir-containing HAART: a retrospective analysis of four clinical studies and two observational cohorts. HIV Clin Trials, Jul-Aug;3(4):316-23.
* Cohen CJ, Hunt S, Sension M, Farthing C, Conant M, Jacobson S, Nadler J, Verbiest W, Hertogs K, Ames M, Rinehart AR, Graham NM (2002); VIRA3001 Study Team. A randomized trial assessing the impact of phenotypic resistance testing on antiretroviral therapy. AIDS, Mar 8;16(4):579-88.
* Colonno RJ, Thiry A, Limoli K, Parkin N (2003). Activities of atazanavir (BMS-232632) against a large panel of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 clinical isolates resistant to one or more approved protease inhibitors. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, Apr;47(4):1324-33.
* Conlon CP, Klenerman P, Edwards A, Larder BA, Phillips RE (1994). Heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 variants associated with zidovudine resistance. J Infect Dis, 169:411-415.
* Conway B, Montessori V, Rouleau D, Montaner JS, O'Shaughnessy MV, Fransen S, Shillington A, Weislow O, Mayers DL (1999). Primary lamivudine resistance in acute/early human immunodeficiency virus infection. Clin Infect Dis, Apr;28(4):910-1.
* Cooper D, Hicks C, Cahn P, Lazzarin A, Walmsley S, Arasteh K, Katlama C, Grinsztejn B, Moreno S, Clumeck N, Lopez P, Mukwaya G, Villacian J, Kohlbrenner V, McCallister S (2005). 24-Week RESIST Study Analyses: The Efficacy of Tipranavir/Ritonavir Is Superior to Lopinavir/Ritonavir, and the TPV/r Treatment Response is Enhanced by Inclusion of Genotypically Active Antiretrovirals in the Optimized Background Regimen. In 12th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, Abstract nº 560.
* Cressey TR, Kunkeaw S, Ruttana-Aroongorn PN, Jungpichanvanich S, Techapalokul S, Gomuthbutra V, Atthakorn W, Seubmongkolchai S, Jourdain G, Lallemant ML (2004). Duration of nevirapine (NVP) postpartum exposure in women who received single dose NVP during labor in addition to standard zidovudine (ZDV) prophylaxis for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 in Thailand. In XV International AIDS Conference, Bangkok, Thailand, Abstract nº. ThOrB1352.
* Deeks SG, Wrin T, Liegler T, Hoh R, Hayden M, Barbour JD, Hellmann NS, Petropoulos CJ, McCune JM, Hellerstein MK, Grant RM (2001). Virologic and immunologic consequences of discontinuing combination antiretroviral-drug therapy in HIV-infected patients with detectable viremia. N Engl J Med Feb 15;344(7):472-80.
* Deeks SG, Hoh R, Neilands TB, Liegler T, Aweeka F, Petropoulos CJ, Grant RM, Martin JN (2005). Interruption of Treatment with Individual Therapeutic Drug Classes in Adults with Multidrug-Resistant HIV-1 Infection. J Infect Dis. Nov 1;192(9):1537-44.
* Delaugerre C, Morand-Joubert L, Chaix ML, Picard O, Marcelin AG, Schneider V, Krivine A, Compagnucci A, Katlama C, Girard PM, Calvez V (2004). Persistence of multidrug-resistant HIV-1 without antiretroviral treatment 2 years after sexual transmission. Antivir Ther, Jun;9(3):415-21.
* Delaugerre C, Peytavin G, Dominguez S, Marcelin AG, Duvivier C, Gourlain K, Amellal B, Legrand M, Raffi F, Costagliola D, Katlama C, Calvez V (2005). Virological and pharmacological factors associated with virological response to salvage therapy after an 8-week of treatment interruption in a context of very advanced HIV disease (GigHAART ANRS 097). J Med Virol, Nov;77(3):345-50.
* Descamps D, Calvez V, Izopet J, Buffet-Janvresse C, Schmuck A, Colson P, Ruffault A, Maillard A, Masquelier B, Cottalorda J, Harzic M, Brun-Vezinet F, Costagliola D, ANRS Antiretroviral Resistance Study Group (2001). Prevalence of resistance mutations in antiretroviral-naive chronically HIV-infected patients in 1998: a French nationwide study. AIDS, Sep 28;15(14):1777-82.
* Diaz RS, Sabino EC, Mayer A, Mosley J, Busch MP, and The Transfusion Safety Study Group (1995). "Evidence of Dual HIV-1 Infection and Recombination in a Dually-Exposed Transfused Recipient", Journal of Virology, 69, 6:3273-3281.
* Diaz RS (2005). Should Tenofovir ever be used in association with ddI? Letter to the Editor. Brazilian J Infect Dis, 9:452-3.
* Duensing T, Fung M, Lewis S, Weinheimer S (2006). In vitro characterization of HIV Isolated from patients treated with the entry inhibitor TNX-355 ,13th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, Denver, Colorado EUA, Abstract nº 158LB.
* Durant J, Clevenbergh P, Halfon P, Delgiudice P, Porsin S, Simonet P, Montagne N, Boucher CA, Schapiro JM, Dellamonica P (1999). Drug-resistance genotyping in HIV-1 therapy: the VIRADAPT randomised controlled trial. Lancet, Jun 26;353(9171):2195-9.
* Duwe S, Brunn M, Altmann D, Hamouda O, Schmidt B, Walter H, Pauli G, Kucherer C (2001). Frequency of genotypic and phenotypic drug-resistant HIV-1 among therapy-naive patients of the German Seroconverter Study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr, Mar 1;26(3):266-73.
* Easterbrook PJ, Hertogs K, Waters A, Wills B, Gazzard BG, Larder B (2002). Low prevalence of antiretroviral drug resistance among HIV-1 seroconverters in London, 1984-1991. J Infect, Feb;44(2):88-91.
* Erice A, Mayers DL, Strike DG, Sannerud KJ, McCutchan FE, Henry K, Balfour HH Jr (1993). Brief report: primary infection with zidovudine-resistant human immunodeficiency virus type 1. N Engl J Med. Apr 22;328(16):1163-5.
* Fusuma EE, Caruso SV, Lopez DF, Costa LJ, Janini LM, Mendonça JS, EG Kallas, Diaz RS (2005). Duplication of Peri-?B and NF-?B sites of the first Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2 (HIV-2) Transmission in Brazil. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses, 11:967-972.
* Garcia-Lerma JG, Nidtha S, Blumoff K, Weinstock H, Heneine W (2001). Increased ability for selection of zidovudine resistance in a distinct class of wild-type HIV-1 from drug-naive persons. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 98:13907-13912.
* Gasparoto, C T (2005). Análise de prevalência de resistência primária genotípica do HIV aos anti-retrovirais em gestantes na cidade de São Paulo. Tese (Mestrado). Universidade Federal de São Paulo/Escola Paulista de Medicina.
* Gathe Jr. JC, Washington MY, Mayberry C, Piot D, Nemecek J (2004). IMANI-1 TC3WP Single drug HAART- proof of concept study. Pilot study of the safety and efficacy of Kaletra (LPV/r) as single drug HAART in HIV + ARV-naive patients-interim analysis of subjects completing final 48 week data. In XV International AIDS Conference, Bangkok, Thailand. Abstract nº MoOrB1057.
* Ghosn J, Wirden M, Ktorza N, Peytavin G, Ait-Mohand H, Schneider L, Dominguez S, Bricaire F, Calvez V, Costagliola D, Katlama C (2005). No benefit of a structured treatment interruption based on genotypic resistance in heavily pretreated HIV-infected patients. AIDS, Oct 14;19(15):1643-7.
* Gomez-Cano M, Rubio A, Puig T, Perez-Olmeda M, Ruiz L, Soriano V, Pineda JA, Zamora L, Xaus N, Clotet B, Leal M (1998). Prevalence of genotypic resistance to nucleoside analogues in antiretroviral-naive and antiretroviral-experienced HIV-infected patients in Spain. AIDS, Jun 18;12(9):1015-20.
* Gong YF, Robinson BS, Rose RE, Deminie C, Spicer TP, Stock D, Colonno RJ, Lin PF (2000). In vitro resistance profile of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease inhibitor BMS-232632. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, Sep;44(9):2319-26.
* Gonzalez LM, Brindeiro RM, Tarin M, Calazans A, Soares MA, Cassol S, Tanuri A (2003). In vitro hypersusceptibility of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtype C protease to Lopinavir. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, Sep;47(9):2817-22.
* Gottlieb GS, Nickle DC, Jensen MA, Wong KG, Grobler J, Li F, Liu SL, Rademeyer C, Learn GH, Karim SS, Williamson C, Corey L, Margolick JB, Mullins JI (2004). Dual HIV-1 infection associated with rapid disease progression. Lancet, Feb 21;363(9409):619-22.
* Grant RM, Hecht FM, Warmerdam M, Liu L, Liegler T, Petropoulos CJ, Hellmann NS, Chesney M, Busch MP, Kahn JO (2002) Time trends in primary HIV-1 drug resistance among recently infected persons. Jama, Jul 10;288(2):181-8.
* Grossman Z, Vardinon N, Chemtob D, Alkan ML, Bentwich Z, Burke M, Gottesman G, Istomin V, Levi I, Maayan S, Shahar E, Schapiro JM, Israel Multi-Center Study Group (2001). Genotypic variation of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase and protease: comparative analysis of clade C and clade B. AIDS, Aug 17;15(12):1453-60.
* Hanna GJ, Balaguera HU, Freedberg KA, Werner BG, Steger Craven KA, Craven DE, D'Aquila RT (2003). Drug-selected resistance mutations and non-B subtypes in antiretroviral-naive adults with established human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Infect Dis, Oct 1;188(7):986-91.
* Harrigan PR, Montaner JS, Wegner SA, Verbiest W, Miller V, Wood R, Larder BA (2001). World-wide variation in HIV-1 phenotypic susceptibility in untreated individuals: biologically relevant values for resistance testing. AIDS, Sep 7;15(13):1671-7.
* Hecht FM, Grant RM, Petropoulos CJ, Dillon B, Chesney MA, Tian H, Hellmann NS, Bandrapalli NI, Digilio L, Branson B, Kahn JO (1998). Sexual transmission of an HIV-1 variant resistant to multiple reverse-transcriptase and protease inhibitors. N Engl J Med, Jul 30;339(5):307-11.
* Hecht FM, Grant RM (2005). Resistance testing in drug-naive HIV-infected patients: is it time? Clin Infect Dis, Nov 1;41(9):1324-5.
* Hertogs K, de Bethune MP, Miller V, Ivens T, Schel P, Van Cauwenberge A, Van Den Eynde C, Van Gerwen V, Azijn H, Van Houtte M, Peeters F, Staszewski S, Conant M, Bloor S, Kemp S, Larder B, Pauwels R (1998). A rapid method for simultaneous detection of phenotypic resistance to inhibitors of protease and reverse transcriptase in recombinant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates from patients treated with antiretroviral drugs. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, Feb;42(2):269-76.
* Imamichi T, Murphy MA, Imamichi H, Lane HC (2001). Amino acid deletion at codon 67 and Thr-to-Gly change at codon 69 of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase confer novel drug resistance profiles. J Virol, Apr;75(8):3988-92.
* Imamichi T, Sinha T, Imamichi H, Zhang YM, Metcalf JA, Falloon J, Lane HC (2000). High-level resistance to 3'-azido-3'-deoxythimidine due to a deletion in the reverse transcriptase gene of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J Virol, Jan;74(2):1023-8.
* Imrie A, Beveridge A, Genn W, Vizzard J, Cooper DA (1997). Transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 resistant to nevirapine and zidovudine. Sydney Primary HIV Infection Study Group. J Infect Dis, 175:1502-1506.
* Jemsek J, Hutcherson P, and Harper E (2004). Poor Virologic Responses and Early Emergence of Resistance in Treatment Naive, HIV-infected Patients Receiving a Once Daily Triple Nucleoside Regimen of Didanosine, Lamivudine, and Tenofovir DF. In 11th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, San Francisco, CA, EUA, Abstract nº 51.
* Johnson VA, Petropoulos CJ, Woods CR, Hazelwood JD, Parkin NT, Hamilton CD, Fiscus SA (2001). Vertical transmission of multidrug-resistant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and continued evolution of drug resistance in an HIV-1-infected infant. J Infect Dis. Jun 1;183(11):1688-93.
* Jost S, Bernard MC, Kaiser L, Yerly S, Hirschel B, Samri A, Autran B, Goh LE, Perrin L (2002). A patient with HIV-1 superinfection. N Engl J Med, Sep 5;347(10):731-6.
* Kamkamidze G, Sullivan T, Charbonneau T (2001). Occurrence of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase gene mutation at codon 215 in HIV-infected infants. J Clin Virol, 22:143-148.
* Kim AE, Dintaman JM, Waddell DS, Silverman JA (1998). Saquinavir, an HIV protease inhibitor, is transported by P-glycoprotein. J Pharmacol Exp Ther, Sep;286(3):1439-45.
* Kim RB, Fromm MF, Wandel C, Leake B, Wood AJ, Roden DM, Wilkinson GR (1998). The drug transporter P-glycoprotein limits oral absorption and brain entry of HIV-1 protease inhibitors. J Clin Invest, Jan 15;101(2):289-94 King M, Brun S, Tschampa J, Moseley J, Kempf D (2003). Relationship between adherence and the development of viral resistance in antiretroviral-naive patients treated with Lopinavir/Ritonavir (LPV/R) or Nelfinavir (NFV). In 2rd IAS Conference on HIV Pathogenesis and Treatment, Paris, France. Abstract n.º 798.
* Koelsch KK, Smith DM, Little SJ, Ignacio CC, Macaranas TR, Brown AJ, Petropoulos CJ, Richman DD, Wong JK (2003). Clade B HIV-1 superinfection with wild-type virus after primary infection with drug-resistant clade B virus. AIDS, May 2;17(7):F11-6.
* Kozal M, Amico R, Chiarella J, Schreibman T, Cornman D, Fisher W, Fisher J, Friedland G (2004). Continuing High-risk Sexual Behavior and Increasing Antiretroviral Resistance among HIV+ Patients in Care Helps Explain the Rising Prevalence of Resistance among New HIV Infections. In 11th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, San Francisco, CA, EUA, Abstract nº 35LB.
* Landman R, Peytavin G, Descamps D, Brun-Vezinet F, Benech H, Benalisherif A, Trylesinski A, Katlama C, Girard PM, Raffi F, Yeni P, Bentata M, Jarrousse B, MicheletC, Flandre P, Tonus Study Group, and Tonus study group (2004) Low genetic barrier to resistance is a possible cause of early virologic failures in once-daily regimen of abacavir, lamivudine, and tenofovir: The tonus study. In 11th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, San Francisco, CA, EUA, Abstract nº 52.
* Lanier ER, Ait-Khaled M, Scott J, Stone C, Melby T, Sturge G, St Clair M, Steel H, Hetherington S, Pearce G, Spreen W, Lafon S (2004). Antiviral efficacy of abacavir in antiretroviral therapy-experienced adults harbouring HIV-1 with specific patterns of resistance to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Antivir Ther, Feb;9(1):37-45.
* Larder BA, Hertogs K, Bloor S, van den Eynde CH, DeCian W, Wang Y, Freimuth WW, Tarpley G (2000). Tipranavir inhibits broadly protease inhibitor-resistant HIV-1 clinical samples. AIDS, Sep 8;14(13):1943-8.
* Lee CG, Gottesman MM, Cardarelli CO, Ramachandra M, Jeang KT, Ambudkar SV, Pastan I, Dey S(1998). HIV-1 protease inhibitors are substrates for the MDR1 multidrug transporter. Biochemistry, Mar 17;37(11):3594-601.
* Little SJ, Daar ES, D'Aquila RT, Keiser PH, Connick E, Whitcomb JM, Hellmann NS, Petropoulos CJ, Sutton L, Pitt JA, Rosenberg ES, Koup RA, Walker BD, Richman DD (1999). Reduced antiretroviral drug susceptibility among patients with primary HIV infection. JAMA, Sep 22-29;282(12):1142-9.
* Little SJ, Holte S, Routy JP, Daar ES, Markowitz M, Collier AC, Koup RA, Mellors JW, Connick E, Conway B, Kilby M, Wang L, Whitcomb JM, Hellmann NS, Richman DD (2002a). Antiretroviral-drug resistance among patients recently infected with HIV. N Engl J Med, Aug 8;347(6):385-94. Little SJ, Holte S, Routy JP,Connick E, Daar ES, Conway B, Wang L, Markowitz M, Collier AC, Dawson K, Hellmann NS, and Richman DD (2002b). Longitudinal analysis of transmitted drug resistance among recently HIV-infected subjects in North America. Antivir Ther, 7(Suppl 1):S144.
* Little SJ, Koelsch KK, Ignacio CC, Wong JK, Lie Y, Frost SDW, and Richman DD (2004). Persistence of Transmitted Drug-resistant Virus among Subjects with Primary HIV Infection Deferring Antiretroviral Therapy. In: 11th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, San Francisco, CA EUA, Abstract nº 36LB.
* Loemba H, Brenner B, Parniak MA, Ma'ayan S, Spira B, Moisi D, Oliveira M, Detorio M, Wainberg MA (2002). Genetic divergence of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Ethiopian clade C reverse transcriptase (RT) and rapid development of resistance against nonnucleoside inhibitors of RT. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, Jul;46(7):2087-94.
* Machado DM, Delwart EL, Diaz RS, de Oliveira CF, Alves K, Rawal BD, Sullivan M, Gwinn M, Clark KA, Busch MP (2002). Use of the sensitive/less-sensitive (detuned) EIA strategy for targeting genetic analysis of HIV-1 to recently infected blood donors. AIDS, Jan 4;16(1):113-119.
* Maggiolo F, Callegaro A, Gregis G, Quinzan G, Ripamonti D, Arici C, Goglio A, Suter F (2002). Strategic selective treatment in highly pre-treated HIV patients harbouring multiply resistant viruses. AIDS, Jan 25;16(2):298-9.
* Markowitz M, Mohri H, Mehandru S, Shet A, Berry L, Kalyanaraman R, Kim A, Chung C, Jean-Pierre P, Horowitz A, La Mar M, Wrin T, Parkin N, Poles M, Petropoulos C, Mullen M, Boden D, Ho DD (2005). Infection with multidrug resistant, dual-tropic HIV-1 and rapid progression to AIDS: a case report. Lancet, Mar 19-25;365(9464):1031-8.
* Martinez E, Milinkovic A, de Lazzari E, Ravasi G, Blanco JL, Larrousse M, Mallolas J, Garcia F, Miro JM, Gatell JM (2004). Pancreatic toxic effects associated with co-administration of didanosine and tenofovir in HIV-infected adults. Lancet, Jul 3;364(9428):65-7.
* Masquelier B, Pillay D, van der Hoek L, Prins M, Balestre E, Nielsen C, Pedersen C, del Romero J, Ortiz M, Balotta C, Rezza G, Gifford R, Porter K, and the CASCADE Virology Collaboration (2004). Changes in Prevalence and Characteristics of Transmitted Resistance over Time among European Seroconverter Cohorts. 11th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, San Francisco, CA, EUA, Abstracts nº 683.
* Mazzotta F, Lo Caputo S, Torti C, Tinelli C, Pierotti P, Castelli F, Lazzarin A, Angarano G, Maserati R, Gianotti N, Ladisa N, Quiros-Roldan E, Rinehart AR, Carosi G; Genotipo-Fenotipo di Resistenza (GenPheRex) Group of the Italian Management Standardizzato di Terapia Antiretrovirale (MASTER) Cohort (2003). Real versus virtual phenotype to guide treatment in heavily pretreated patients: 48-week follow-up of the Genotipo-Fenotipo di Resistenza (GenPheRex) trial. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr, Mar 1;32(3):268-80.
* Meynard JL, Vray M, Morand-Joubert L, Race E, Descamps D, Peytavin G, Matheron S, Lamotte C, Guiramand S, Costagliola D, Brun-Vezinet F, Clavel F, Girard PM; Narval Trial Group (2002). Phenotypic or genotypic resistance testing for choosing antiretroviral therapy after treatment failure: a randomized trial. AIDS, Mar 29;16(5):727-36.
* Miller V, Sabin C, Hertogs K, Bloor S, Martinez-Picado J, D'Aquila R, Larder B, Lutz T, Gute P, Weidmann E, Rabenau H, Phillips A, Staszewski S (2000). Virological and immunological effects of treatment interruptions in HIV-1 infected patients with treatment failure. AIDS, Dec 22;14(18):2857-67.
* Negredo E, Molto J, Burger D, Viciana P, Ribera E, Paredes R, Juan M, Ruiz L, Puig J, Pruvost A, Grassi J, Masmitja E, Clotet B (2004). Unexpected CD4 cell count decline in patients receiving didanosine and tenofovir-based regimens despite undetectable viral load. AIDS, Feb 20;18(3):459-63.
* Oette M, Kaiser R, Daumer M, Akbari D, Fatkenheuer G, Rockstroh JK, Stechel J, Rieke A, Mauss S, Schmaloer D, Gobels K, Vogt C, Wettstein M, Haussinger D (2004). Primary drug-resistance in HIV-positive patients on initiation of first –line antiretroviral therapy in Germany. Eur J Med Res, May 28;9(5):273-8.
* Palella F, Armon C, Chmiel J, Buchacz K, Novak R, Moorman A, Brooks J (2006). Enhanced Survival Associated with Use of HIV Susceptibility Testing among HAART-experienced Patients in the HIV Outpatient Study (HOPS). 13th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, Denver, Colorado, EUA, Abstract nº 654.
* Paolucci S, Baldanti F, Tinelli M, Maga G, Gerna G (2003). Detection of a new HIV-1 reverse transcriptase mutation (Q145M) conferring resistance to nucleoside and non-nucleoside inhibitors in a patient failing highly active antiretroviral therapy. AIDS, Apr 11;17(6):924-7.
* Parikh U, Koontz D, Sluis-Cremer N, Hammond J, Bacheler L, Schinazi R, Mellors J (2004). A Multinucleoside Resistance Mutation of Increasing Prevalence Exhibits Bi-directional Phenotypic Antagonism with TAM. In 11th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, San Francisco, CA, EUA, Abstract nº K65R.
* Perez-Elias MJ, Garcia-Arota I, Munoz V, Santos I, Sanz J, Abraira V, Arribas JR, Gonzalez J, Moreno A, Dronda F, Antela A, Pumares M, Marti-Belda P, Casado JL, Geijos P, Moreno S, Realvirfen study group (2003). Phenotype or virtual phenotype for choosing antiretroviral therapy after failure: a prospective, randomized study. Antivir Ther, Dec;8(6):577-84.
* Podzamczer D, Ferrer E, Gatell JM, Niubo J, Dalmau D, Leon A, Knobel H, Polo C, Iñiguez D, Ruiz I (2004). Early virological failure and occurrence of resistance in naive patients receiving tenofovir, didanosine and efavirenz. Antivir Ther. 2004;9:S172.
* Podzamczer D, Tressler R, Flexner C, Katlama C, Havlir D, Letendre S, Eron J, Weiss L, Gatell J, Simon A, Ferrer E, King M, Bertz R, Robinson K, Brun S (2004). Higher doses of Lopinavir/Ritonavir (LPV/r) in highly treatment-experienced, HIV-infected patients: 48-week safety/efficacy evaluation. XV International AIDS Conference, Bangkok, Thailand, Abstract nº. TuPeB4555.
* Pollakis G, Rinke de Wit T, Fontanet A, Cornelissen M, Goudsmit J, Abebe A, Kliphuis A, Fisseha B, Tegbaru B (2000). HIV-1 Subtype C in Ethiopia and its genetic divergence Intra-subtype and inter subtype recombination. In XIII International AIDS Conference, Durban, Africa do Sul, Abstract nº MoPeA2075.
* Puig T, Perez-Olmeda M, Rubio A, Ruiz L, Briones C, Franco JM, Gomez-Cano M, Stuyver L, Zamora L, Alvarez C, Leal M, Clotet B, Soriano V (2000). Prevalence of genotypic resistance to nucleoside analogues and protease inhibitors in Spain. AIDS, Apr 14;14(6):727-32.
* Quigg M, Rebus S, France AJ, McMenamin J, Darby G, Leigh Brown AJ (1997). Mutations associated with zidovudine resistance in HIV-1 among recent seroconverters. AIDS, 11:835-836.
* Ramos A, Hu DJ, Nguyen L, Phan KO, Vanichseni S, Promadej N, Choopanya K, Callahan M, Young NL, McNicholl J, Mastro TD, Folks TM, Subbarao S (2002). Intersubtype human immunodeficiency virus type 1 superinfection following seroconversion to primary infection in two injection drug users. J Virol, 76(15):7444-52.
* Ross LL, Lim ML, Liao Q, Wine B, Rodriguez AE, Weinberg W, Shaefer M (2004). Prevalence of Antiretroviral Drug Resistance and Resis¬tance Mutations in Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) Naive HIV Infected Individuals from 44 US Cities During 2003. 44th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy (ICAAC) - Washington, DC, EUA, Poster Session 13(H), Abstract H - 173.
* Rubio A, Leal M, Pineda JA, Caruz A, Luque F, Rey C, Sanchez-Quijano A, Lissen E (1997). Increase in the frequency of mutation at codon 215 associated with zidovudine resistance in HIV-1-infected antiviral-naive patients from 1989 to 1996. AIDS, Jul 15;11(9):1184-6.
* Sabino EC, Shpaer EG, Morgado MG, Korber BTM, Diaz RS, Bongertz V, Cavalcante S, Galvao-Castro B, Mullins JI, Mayer A, (1994). Identification of an HIV-1 Proviral Genome Recombinant Between Subtype B and F in PBMCs Obtained from two Linked Individuals in Brazil. Journal Virology 68:6340-6346.
* Sa-Filho DJ, Sucupira MC, Caseiro MM, Sabino EC, Diaz RS, Janini LM (2006). Identification of Two HIV-1 Circulating Recombinant Forms in Brazil. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses, Jan;22(1):1-13.
* Salomon H, Wainberg MA, Brenner B, Quan Y, Rouleau D, Cote P, LeBlanc R, Lefebvre E, Spira B, Tsoukas C, Sekaly RP, Conway B, Mayers D, Routy JP (2000). Prevalence of HIV-1 resistant to antiretroviral drugs in 81 individuals newly infected by sexual contact or injecting drug use. AIDS, Jan 28;14(2):F17-23.
* Sanchez ACD, Diaz RS, Hayden RL; El-Far F, Sucupira MCA (2003). Efficacy of lopinavir/r: comparison between clades B and F infected individuals in Brazil. In: V Simposio Brasileiro de Pesquisa em HIV/AIDS, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil, Abstract nº 87.
* Sax PE, Islam R, Walensky RP, Losina E, Weinstein MC, Goldie SJ, Sadownik SN, Freedberg KA (2005). Should resistance testing be performed for treatment-naive HIV-infected patients? A cost-effectiveness analysis. Clin Infect Dis, Nov 1;41(9):1316-23.
* Schuetz JD, Connelly MC, Sun D, Paibir SG, Flynn PM, Srinivas RV, Kumar A, Fridland A (1999). MRP4: A previously unidentified factor in resistance to nucleoside-based antiviral drugs. Nat Med, Sep;5(9):1048-51.
* Simon V, Vanderhoeven J, Hurley A, Ramratnam B, Louie M, Dawson K, Parkin N, Boden D, Markowitz M (2002) Evolving patterns of HIV-1 resistance to antiretroviral agents in newly infected individuals. AIDS, Jul 26;16(11):1511-9.
* Soares MA, Oliveira T, Brindeiro RM, Diaz RS, Sabino EC, Rodrigues R, Pires IL, Morgado MM, Dantas MC, Barreira D, Teixeira PR, Cassol S, Tanuri A, and the Brazilian Network for Drug Resistance Surveillance (2003). Identification of a specific subtype C of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in Brazil: implications on highly active antiretroviral treatment. AIDS, Jan 3;17(1):11-21.
* Sucupira MCA, Souza IE, Costa LJ, Scheinberg MA, Diaz RS (2002). Antiretroviral treatment failure and HIV-1 genotypic resistance in Sao Paulo, Brazil, Antiviral Therapy, 6:263-64.
* Sucupira MCA, Tescarollo G, Janini M, Caseiro MM, Alves K, Sabino EC, Castelo-Filho A, Page-Shafer K, and Diaz RS (2004). High Levels of Primary Antiretroviral Genotipic Resistance and B/F Recombinants in Santos SP, Brazil. In 11th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, San Francisco, CA, EUA, Abstracts nº 676.
* Sugiura W, Matsuda M, Abumi H, Yamada K, Taki M, Ishikawa M, Miura T, Fukutake K, Gouchi K, Ajisawa A, Iwamoto A, Hanabusa H, Mimaya J, Takamatsu J, Takada N, Kakishita E, Yoshioka A, Kashiwagi S, Shirahata A, Nagai Y (1999). Prevalence of drug resistance-related mutations among HIV-1s in Japan. Jpn J Infect Dis, Feb;52(1):21-2.
* Taylor S, Allen S, Fidler S, White D, Gibbons S, Fox J, Clarke J, Weber J, Cane P, Wade A, Smit E, Back D (2004). Stop Study: After Discontinuation of Efavirenz, Plasma Concentrations May Persist for 2 Weeks or Longer. 11th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, San Francisco, CA, EUA, Abstract nº 131.
* Tural C, Ruiz L, Holtzer C, Schapiro J, Viciana P, Gonzalez J, Domingo P, Boucher C, Rey-Joly C, Clotet B, Havana Study Group (2002). Clinical utility of HIV-1 genotyping and expert advice: the Havana trial. AIDS, Jan 25;16(2):209-18.
* Uhlmann EJ, Tebas P, Storch GA, Powderly WG, Lie YS, Whitcomb JM, Hellmann NS, Arens MQ (2004). Effects of the G190A substitution of HIV reverse transcriptase on phenotypic susceptibility of patient isolates to delavirdine. J Clin Virol, Nov;31(3):198-203.
* UK Collaborative Group on Monitoring the Transmission of HIV Drug Resistance (2001). Analysis of prevalence of HIV-1 drug resistance in primary infections in the United Kingdom. BMJ, May 5;322(7294):1087-8.
* Van Vaerenbergh K, Debaisieux L, De Cabooter N, Declercq C, Desmet K, Fransen K, Maes B, Marissens D, Miller K, Muyldermans G, Sprecher S, Stuyver L, Vaira D, Verhofstede C, Zissis G, Van Ranst M, De Clercq E, Desmyter J, Vandamme AM (2001). Prevalence of genotypic resistance among antiretroviral drug-naive HIV-1-infected patients in Belgium. Antiviral Therapy, Mar;6(1):63-70.
* Verbiest W, Brown S, Cohen C, Conant M, Henry K, Hunt S, Sension M, Stein A, Stryker R, Thompson M, Schel P, Van Den Broeck R, Bloor S, Alcorn T, Van Houtte M, Larder B, Hertogs K (2001). Prevalence of HIV-1 drug resistance in antiretroviral-naive patients: a prospective study. AIDS, Mar 30;15(5):647-50.
* Vernazza PL, Troiani L, Flepp MJ, Cone RW, Schock J, Roth F, Boggian K, Cohen MS, Fiscus SA, Eron JJ (2000). Potent antiretroviral treatment of HIV-infection results in suppression of the seminal shedding of HIV. AIDS, Jan 28;14(2):117-21.
* Vray M, Meynard JL, Dalban C, Morand-Joubert L, Clavel F, Brun-Vezinet F, Peytavin G, Costagliola D, Girard PM (2003). Narval Trial Group Predictors of the virological response to a change in the antiretroviral treatment regimen in HIV-1-infected patients enrolled in a randomized trial comparing genotyping, phenotyping and standard of care. Antivir Ther, Oct;8(5):427-34.
* Wainberg MA, Brenner B, Routy JP, Spira B, Petrella M, Essebag V, Conway B, Sekaly RP (2002). Effect of the M184V mutation in HIV Reverse Transcriptase (RT) on viral fitness in primary infection. In XIV International AIDS Conference, Barcelona - Spain, Abstract TuPeB4590.
* Walmsley S, Bernstein B, King M, Arribas J, Beall G, Ruane P, Johnson M, Johnson D, Lalonde R, Japour A, Brun S, Sun E, M98-863 Study Team (2002). Lopinavir-ritonavir versus nelfinavir for the initial treatment of HIV infection. N Engl J Med, Jun 27;346(26):2039-46.
* Wang X, Baba M (2005). The role of breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP/ ABCG2) in cellular resistance to HIV-1 nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Antivir Chem Chemother, 16(4):213-6.
* Wegner SA, Brodine SK, Mascola JR, Tasker SA, Shaffer RA, Starkey MJ, Barile A, Martin GJ, Aronson N, Emmons WW, Stephan K, Bloor S, Vingerhoets J, Hertogs K, Larder B (2000). Prevalence of genotypic and phenotypic resistance to anti-retroviral drugs in a cohort of therapy-naïve HIV-1 infected US military personnel. AIDS, May 26;14(8):1009-15.
* Wegner SA, Brodine SK, Mascola JR, Tasker SA, Shaffer RA, Starkey MJ, Barile A, Martin GJ, Aronson N, Emmons WW, Stephan K, Bloor S, Vingerhoets J, Hertogs, Kurt; Larder B (2000). Prevalence of genotypic and phenotypic resistance to anti-retroviral drugs in a cohort of therapy-naïve HIV-1 infected US military personnel. AIDS, 14(8);1009-1015.
* Weinstock HS, Zaidi I, Heneine W, Bennett D, Garcia-Lerma JG, Douglas JM Jr, LaLota M, Dickinson G, Schwarcz S, Torian L, Wendell D, Paul S, Goza GA, Ruiz J, Boyett B, Kaplan JE (2004). The epidemiology of antiretroviral drug resistance among drug-naive HIV-1-infected persons in 10 US cities. J Infect Dis, Jun 15;189(12):2174-80.
* Wensing AMJ, van de Vijver DAMC, Asjo B, Balotta C, Camacho R, de Luca A, de Mendoza C, Deroo S, Derdelinckx I, Grossman Z, Hamouda O, Hatzakis A, Hoepelman A, Horban A, Korn K, Kuecherer C, Leitner T, Nielsen C, Ormaasen V, Perrin L, Paraskevis D, Puchhammer E, Roman F, Ruiz L, Salminen M, Schmit JCC, Soriano V, Stanczak G, Stanojevic M, Vandamme AM, Van Laethem K, Violin M, Yerly S, Zazzi M, Boucher CAB, on behalf of the SPREAD Programme (2003). Analysis from more than 1600 newly diagnosed patients with HIV from 17 European countries shows that 10% of the patients carry primary drug resistance: The CATCH study. In 2nd IAS Conference on HIV Pathogenesis and Treatment, Paris, France, Abstract nº LB1.
* Whitcomb JM, Paxinos E, Huang W, Maranta M, Limoli K, Chappey C, Parkin NT, Hellmann NS, and Petropoulos CJ (2002). The Presence of Nucleoside Analogue Mutations (NAMs) iIs Highly Correlated with Reduced Susceptibility to all NRTIs. 9th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, Seattle, WA, Abstracts nº 569-T.
* Witvrouw M, Pannecouque C, Switzer WM, Folks TM, De Clercq E, Heneine W (2004). Susceptibility of HIV-2, SIV and SHIV to various anti-HIV-1 compounds: implications for treatment and postexposure prophylaxis. Antivir Ther, Feb;9(1):57-65.
* Workman C, Hales G, McKenna P, and for the CREST Study Group (2002). CREST- A Randomised Comparison of 2 Resistance Test Platforms: Genotype and Virtual Phenotype. 9th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, Seattle, WA, Abstracts nº 587-T.
* Yerly S, Jost S, Telenti A, Flepp M, Kaiser L, Chave JP, Vernazza P, Battegay M, Furrer H, Chanzy B, Burgisser P, Rickenbach M, Gebhardt M, Bernard MC, Perneger T, Hirschel B, Perrin L, Swiss HIV Cohort Study (2004). Infrequent transmission of HIV-1 drug-resistant variants. Antivir Ther, Jun;9(3):375-84.
* Yerly S, Kaiser L, Race E, Bru JP, Clavel F, Perrin L (1999). Transmission of antiretroviral-drug-resistant HIV-1 variants. Lancet, Aug 28;354(9180):729-33.
* Yerly S, Vora S, Rizzardi P, Chave JP, Vernazza PL, Flepp M, Telenti A, Battegay M, Veuthey AL, Bru JP, Rickenbach M, Hirschel B, Perrin L, Swiss HIV Cohort Study (2001). Acute HIV infection: impact on the spread of HIV and transmission of drug resistance. AIDS, Nov 23;15(17):2287-92.